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Summary
Security Class 01

BRIEF DISCUSSION ABOUT THE GS PAPER 3 (5:06 P.M.)

SYLLABUS OF SECURITY (5:11 P.M.)

  • Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism.
  • Role of External State and Non-state.
  • Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.
  • Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges, Basics of Cyber Security; money laundering and its prevention.
  • Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas - Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.
  • Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate.

NAXALISM (5:16 P.M.)

  • Naxalism is linked to the Naxalbari movement that started in 1967.
  • Naxalbari is a village in the West Bengal.
  • The immediate trigger of this movement was the judicial order sought by the tribal peasants to cultivate their land.
  • The prominent leaders of this movement were Charu Mazumdar and Kanu Sanyal.
  • They belonged to the CPI(M) party, and they wanted to wage an armed struggle against the State.
  • CPI(M) stands for the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
  • Marxism was the ideology given by Karl Marx.
  • This ideology was a reaction against the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution (Poor condition of the workers).
  • Historical Materialism: Every social phenomenon has a cause and the cause lies in the material world.
  • Karl Marx assumed that Production is necessary for the existence of a society.
  • The evolution of society is dictated by the evolution of social production.
  • The things necessary for production are labour, raw materials, and tools. These are collectively called forces of production.
  • Raw materials are called objects of labor and tools are called instruments of labor.
  • The relation of production can be classified into technical relations and ownership relations.
  • For any mode of production to be stable there needs to be a harmonious relationship between the force of production and the relation of production.
  • With the advent of humankind, we moved from subsistent existence to surplus production.
  • Surplus allowed certain people to enjoy leisure. This also created division of labour.
  • These two factors allowed the emergence of new classes.
  • Now each class would have separate interests.
  • The classes wanted to protect their interests which conflicted with the interests of other classes.
  • To protect such interests and relations of production, there emerged a State.
  • The classes in the capitalism are ownership class (bourgeoisie) and the non-ownership class (Proletariat). 
  • The bourgeoisie class exploits the proletariat class because they want more profits.
  • Now the exploited class would have to become class for itself from class in itself.
  • This will give rise to the revolutionary movement.
  • The private property would be discarded, as for maximizing the private property the bourgeoisie exploited the other class.
  • The state is no longer required for the protection of private property.
  • Therefore, a Stateless and classless society would be formed. 
  • This ideology had an impact on the Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution, and the Latin American countries. (6:00 P.M.)
  • Impact of this ideology on India
  • (a) In 1925, CPI was formed.
  • (b) In 1939, they started siding with the Britishers after the entry of Russia into World War II.
  • (c) In 1942, they opposed the Quit India Movement.
  • (d) After the announcement of provincial elections in 1945 they had two factions, one who wanted to participate (led by PC Joshi) and the other who didn't want to participate (led by B.T. Ranadive) in the elections.
  • They lost the elections.
  • After that faction led by B.T. Ranadive decided to go for the revolution.
  • But the revolution fizzled out.
  • In 1951, the faction that wanted to participate in the election gained support.
  • In 1952, they won 26 seats out of 504 seats in the Lok Sabha.
  • In 1956 we followed the Mahalanobis model of growth, which was inspired by the model given by 'Grigory Feldman'.
  • In 1962, after the Chinese aggression, the CPI leaders were arrested.
  • Since the party leaders weren't able to resist this crackdown, many disillusioned leaders like Jyoti Basu formed CPI (M).
  • The policies of the CPI(M) were not much different from the CPI.
  • This frustrated the leaders who expected the armed struggle.
  • The opportunity arose in the Naxalbari in 1967 when the landlord attacked the tribal peasant.
  • Marx has said that the history of humankind is the history of class struggle.

SUMMARY OF THE TOPIC TAUGHT (6:47 P.M.) 

  • We moved from primitive communism to ancient slavery to feudalism and to capitalism.
  • In primitive communism, there was the presence of an egalitarian society.
  • In ancient slavery, there were slave owners and slaves. 
  • In feudalism, there is a conflict between the feuds and the serfs. 
  • In capitalism, there would be pauperization, homogenization, and polarization.
  • Pauperization: It is the progressive exploitation of the middle class and workers due to the infinite greed of capitalists.
  • Homogenization: With time, capitalists become homogenized, and working conditions become increasingly similar. Similarly, workers also get homogenized.
  • Polarization: Because of the pauperization of the middle class, eventually the society would be polarised into two classes, bourgeoisie and proletariat.

CAUSES BEHIND NAXALBARI MOVEMENT (7:21 P.M.)

  • Economic Backwardness and Tribal Unrest
  • (a) Unscientific methods of cultivation, technically known as Jhum cultivation, left the tribal economically far behind in comparison with other peasants of West Bengal.
  • (b) The government enacted land reforms to improve the condition of the weaker section. West Bengal's State Acquisition Act provided the exemption from the ceiling of 35 acres, especially for the tea estates.
  • Eventually state government took stringent measures to take over the excessive land from the landlords.
  • But the landlords started taking recourse to the benami transactions.
  • The landlords also began to evict tribals and peasants from lands provided to them for private use (Bakshish Khet).
  • This resentment was taken advantage of, by the extremists who wanted the creation of a militant force to curb the authority and to reduce the ill-gotten gains of landlords.
  • Hence, they started organizing peasants into samiti, called Krishak Samitis (Peasant organization of the communist party).
  • These committees would survey the land of those landlords who indulged in the benami transactions and would organize demonstrations in front of their homes.
  • These demonstrations were largely peaceful until they turned violent in 1967 when a small force of constabulary opened fire on a group of demonstrators.
  • These new developments provided sufficient ground for the Maoists, who then turned it into a violent land seizure movement called the Naxalbari movement.

PROGRAM OF THE NAXALITES

  • The Chinese Communist Party was openly in support of the Naxalbari movement.
  • Peking Review came out with an article that called this movement 'Spring Thunder'.
  • The Chinese support had a tremendous impact on the Naxalbari movement, whose leaders were now inclined to endorse the 'Chinese path'.
  • Chinese Path
  • (a) The movement should be rural.
  • (b) The armed struggle should be waged from the countryside and eventually should encircle the cities.
  • (c) The establishment of the revolutionary basis in the countryside would be the first step to capturing political power (70-80% population).
  • From these revolutionary bases, they would be in the strategic position to launch frontal attacks on their class enemies (Landlords, moneylenders, police, and their informers.).
  • These revolutionary bases would be entirely under the control of peasants, where Naxalites would enjoy greater freedom and better opportunities for strategizing.
  • This would lead to encirclement and entry into cities.

PROGRESS OF THE NAXALBARI MOVEMENT

  • This strategy enjoyed limited success with certain areas coming under the control of the Naxalites (liberated areas).
  • In the liberated areas, police and government officials were not allowed.
  • Naxalites created people's courts where the class enemies would be brought and tried.
  • Some of the convicted class enemies would even be slaughtered in full public view, which eventually became one of the main reasons for their ultimate failure.

THE TOPIC OF THE NEXT CLASS: DECLINE OF THE NAXALBARI MOVEMENT AND ITS CAUSES, THE CURRENT STATE OF NAXALISM IN INDIA, STEPS TAKEN BY THE INDIAN STATE, AND THE FAILURE AND SUCCESS OF THE INDIAN APPROACH